international movement to abolish slavery: the movement began during the 1600s among dissenting Protestants and Quakers; during the 1700s, antislavery ideas were preached in the Great Awakening and urged on the reading public by Voltaire, Rousseau, and other writers of the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBabsolute monarchyB
complete control of government by a hereditary ruler: the strongest example of an absolute monarch was Louis XIV of France; even Louis XIV, however, had to put down the occasional rebellions of nobles, Protestant Huguenots, discontented peasants, and others unhappy with his reign
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAcademicismB
eighteenth-century art movement characterized by rigidly posed models, formal rules, and adherence to classical models of the ancient Greeks and Romans
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAdam SmithB
Scottish economist and political philosopher (1723-1790) who argued the case for free trade; his influential book, IThe Wealth of Nations,I was published in 1776
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaerophoneB
musical instrument that produces sound by having air blown or pumped through it
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAgricultural RevolutionB
change from medieval to modern scientific farming, which began during the 1600s; agriculture was one of the first areas in which scientific knowledge gained during the Renaissance was applied; new farming and breeding methods were introduced during the 1600s and spread throughout Europe during the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlbany CongressB
meeting held in 1754, at the start of the French and Indian War, between the English colonists and Native American leaders; at this congress, the Iroquois agreed to fight on the British side; the congress also gave Benjamin Franklin a chance to observe the Native American Ec[000000]f[16]LFpolitical system, about which he then wrote enthusiastically
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlbrecht DurerB
Renaissance artist (1471-1528) especially well-known for his woodcuts, engravings, and etchings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlexander PopeB
English writer (1688-1744) whose work characterized the Restoration period; as a Roman Catholic, he was much discriminated against in Protestant England; his IEssay on ManI is one of the key works of the English Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAmerican Revolutionary WarB
war fought from 1775-1783 to achieve the independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAnne StuartB
queen who ruled England from 1665-1714; she led England against France in the War of the Spanish Succession; Queen Anne was the last of the Stuart monarchs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaqueductB
elaborate Roman system for carrying fresh water
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaristocracyB
members of the noble families of Europe; traditionally, aristocrats were the descendants of the feudal nobles, and many noble families in the 1700s did claim descent from ancient times; others, however, were granted nobility by monarchs in return for exceptional services
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAthensB
chief city-state of ancient Greece, known for being the birthplace of democracy; Greek political writings by Plato, Aristotle, and other philosophers formed the basis for centuries of European debate over the best type of government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAustrian EmpireB
empire of the Hapsburgs, who controlled vast areas of land in the region now divided into Austria, Hungary, and Germany
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaroqueB
style of art, architecture, and music that lasted from 1600 to about 1770, characterized by elaborate decorations using flowing curves and designs, and, in the case of music, by elaborate counterpoint
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaruch SpinozaB
Jewish philosopher and mathematician who lived in Holland from 1632-1677; along with Descartes and Liebniz, he helped found both modern philosophy and modern mathematics
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBastilleB
medieval prison near Paris, France, noted for housing Voltaire and other political dissenters; the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBenjamin FranklinB
writer, inventor, diplomat, and one of the founding fathers of the United States; Franklin lived from 1706-1790
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBill of RightsB
first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States; the Bill of Rights guarantees basic civil rights to United States citizens
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBoston Tea PartyB
Pre-Revolutionary War protest (1773) in which American Sons of Liberty, wearing Indian buckskins and war paint, boarded British ships in Boston Harbor and dumped their precious cargo of tea into the water
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBourbonsB
monarchs of France, the dynasty to which Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI belonged; the War of the Spanish Succession was just one of the European dynastic wars in which the Bourbons took part
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcanalB
artificial waterway linking two natural waterways; many canals in Europe connected two rivers near their headwaters; this made possible direct water transportation between the Mediterranean and the Baltic seas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcapitalismB
system in which most of the means of production are owned and operated by private individuals
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcaricatureB
cartoon-like drawing or painting that exaggerates the features of its subjects for the sake of humor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCatherine IIB
czarina of Russia known as Catherine the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762-1796; Catherine imported French fashions, and exported Russian rule to much of Poland
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchamber musicB
music developed during the late 1600s and early 1700s, intended for playing in smaller chambers rather than in concert halls; the popularity of the music came when the ability to play music was one of the signs of an educated person
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChardinB
French painter who lived from 1699-1779; he was known for his still lifes and intimate portraits of middle-class subjects
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles I of EnglandB
English ruler (1600-1649) who lost his head after the defeat of Royalist forces in the English civil war; the murder of the English monarch sent shock waves throughout the monarchies of Europe, leading them to tighten their absolutist policies
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles VI of AustriaB
Hapsburg ruler of Austria (1685-1740) whose claims to the throne of Spain helped bring on the War of the Spanish Succession; Louis XIV, a Bourbon, opposed the Hapsburgs in this war
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChassidimB
reform movement within Judaism that began in the 1700s among Polish Jews and spread through the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe during the 1800s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChristinaB
Swedish queen who ruled from 1644-1654; she was noted for her intelligence and learning and for gathering at her court the best minds of the age
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChristopher ColumbusB
Genoese mariner who, sailing under the flag of Spain, reached and claimed America on October 12, 1492; the European discovery of America is one of the key events that divided the Renaissance from the Middle Ages
Ec[000000]f[16]LBClassicismB
general term for a trend in which the arts imitate that of the ancient Greeks and Romans; there have been several classical periods during Western cultural history, most notably in the Renaissance and the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcoal-fired blast furnaceB
furnace invented by Abraham Farby that was first used in 1709; it was one of the earliest and most significant inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBConstitution of the United StatesB
document that describes the laws and political structure of American democracy; one of the most widely imitated documents in history, the Constitution was adopted in 1788; the Bill of Rights was added in 1791
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdecimal currencyB
currency whose units are divided and multiplied by tens; thanks to Alexander Hamilton, the money of the United States is a decimal currency; thinkers in Enlightenment times were obsessed with regulating their currencies because so much financial havoc had resulted from the currency being a royal plaything
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDeclaration of IndependenceB
document declaring the independence of the thirteen North American colonies from Great Britain; the Declaration of Independence was adopted on Independence Day: July 4, 1776
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDeclaration of the Rights of ManB
French document listing grievances against the monarch and demanding representative government; it was written by Lafayette and others in 1789
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDeismB
eighteenth-century philosophy that thought of God as uninvolved in the world and approachable only through the reasoned admiration of the order in nature; it was a theology that was consistent with the discoveries of the Scientific Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdemocracyB
rule by the people through means of fair elections
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDenis DiderotB
leading writer and intellectual figure during the Enlightenment; between 1750-1772 Diderot compiled and edited an encyclopedia of all current knowledge
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDiego de VelazquezB
Spanish painter (1599-1660) known for his portraits of Philip IV and other members of the Spanish royal family
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDirectoryB
group that governed France from 1795-1799, after the fall of Robespierre
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdict of NantesB
French law passed by King Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France, guaranteeing freedom of religion to French Protestant Huguenots; the edict was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdmund BurkeB
British statesman (1729-1797) who supported in Parliament the American colonists at the time of the American Revolution; later, after the excesses of the French Revolution, he became more conservative
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnglish Civil WarB
successful rebellion of the English Parliament, led by its Puritan contingent, against the English monarchy; after the war, which took place from 1642-1649, the English overthrew and beheaded their monarch, Charles I; propaganda by John Milton and other English civil war-era Ec[000000]f[16]LFwriters spread radical Protestant ideas throughout Europe
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnglish RestorationB
the restoration in 1660 of the Stuart dynasty to the English throne
Ec[000000]f[16]LBenlightened despotB
powerful monarch who did what was best for his subjects, a popular ideal in the 1700s; Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia were the most commonly cited examples of enlightened despots; neither, however, was particularly enlightened in comparison to modern standards of civil rights or justice
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnlightenmentB
also known as the Age of Reason, the cultural change that took place during the eighteenth century, largely in response to new scientific discoveries; the period was characterized by optimism and faith in the human ability to solve problems through natural laws and reason
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEstates-GeneralB
traditional parliament of feudal France, divided into three estates: the nobility, the clergy, and the commons; this body was dissolved by the Bourbons and did not meet at all from 1614-1789; its reconvening was one of the steps that led to the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfeudalismB
economic and political system by which Europe was ruled during the Middle Ages; under feudalism, nobles owned large estates, or feuds, which came complete with all the peasants who lived on the land; the peasants farmed the land and paid rent in the form of money, crops, or military service
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFirst Continental CongressB
assembly of elected delegates from the thirteen English colonies that was convened in 1774 following the Intolerable Acts, a new series of taxes and duties imposed by Great Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party of 1773
Ec[000000]f[16]LBflying shuttleB
a mechanized thread carrier (loom part) patented by John Kay in 1733; by 1755 the effects of the invention were being widely felt in the textile industry
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancisco de GoyaB
Spanish painter (1746-1828) noted for his satiric official portraits of Charles IV and other Bourbons, as well as for his impassioned paintings and drawings of the Spanish Revolution of 1808
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancois VoltaireB
French Enlightenment writer and encyclopedist (1694-1778) who is known for popularizing the discoveries of Newton and other scientists and for speculating about the philosophy of Deism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFranz Joseph HaydnB
Austrian composer (1732-1809) who is known as "Papa Haydn" because of his immense contributions to music and his instruction of younger musicians, including Mozart and Beethoven; Haydn perfected the musical forms of both the symphony and the string quartet
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFreedom of ReligionB
the right to follow any or no religion, according to individual conscience; establishing this right in Europe was a centuries-long process, which erupted in violence during the wars of the Reformation; the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution both helped establish Ec[000000]f[16]LFthis right; in the United States, it was established by the Bill of Rights
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrench and Indian WarB
name given to the American branch of the Seven Years War (1756-1763); this war was an international war between Great Britain and France, and their respective allies; at the end of the war, France lost most of its territories in America
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrench RevolutionB
civil war that overthrew the French monarchy and established the Republic of France; the revolution began on July 14, 1789, with the storming of the Bastille, a prison near Paris, by an angry mob; the fighting lasted a full decade and was followed by the rule of Napoleon
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorg Philipp TelemannB
German composer (1681-1767) who was a friend of Johann Sebastian Bach; Telemann composed orchestral works and operas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorge BerkeleyB
Anglican bishop and philosopher (1685-1763) whose work dealt with the relationship between reality and perception
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorge Frederick HandelB
German-born English composer (1685-1759) who was a master of Baroque music; he is best-known for his oratorio, IThe Messiah,I which is performed around the world at Christmas and Easter
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorge WashingtonB
American Revolutionary leader and first president of the United States, who is known as the father of his country; Washington lived from 1732-1799
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGilbert StuartB
American Revolutionary-era painter (1755-1828) whose portrait of George Washington is by far his best-known painting, although he created many of the images from the American Revolutionary period with which we are more familiar today
Ec[000000]f[16]LBgildingB
art of applying gold leaf to furniture and other surfaces for decoration, which was very popular among the aristocracy during the Baroque and Rococo eras
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGlorious RevolutionB
peaceful political upheaval in which two Protestant rulers, Prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary Stuart, assumed the throne of England at the request of Parliament; Queen Mary's grandfather, the pro-Catholic James II, was forced to abdicate the throne
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGottfried Wilhelm LiebnizB
German philosopher and mathematician (1646-1716) who, along with Descartes and Spinoza, helped found modern philosophy and modern mathematics
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreat FearB
widespread panic among French rural peasants, which followed the reconvening of the Estates-General in June, 1789; during the Great Fear, peasants refused to pay taxes to their aristocratic landlords
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreekB
language of the ancient Greeks; throughout Roman times, Greek was the language of scholarship; most of the great works of Classic times were written in Greek; Greek survived the collapse of the Roman Empire because it was the liturgical language of the Eastern Orthodox Church
Ec[000000]f[16]LBguillotineB
a large sliding knife developed as a "humane" method of execution during the French Revolution; among those who died by guillotine were the king and queen of France and many revolutionaries who tried to urge a more moderate course on their fellow rebels
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIGulliver's TravelsBI
bitter political and social satire written by Jonathan Swift and published in 1726
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHanoverB
family that prior to 1701 ruled only a small German state when George, the Elector of Hanover, became George I of England; England, under the rule of this family, would become the most powerful nation in the world
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHapsburgB
family that controlled several European thrones from the 13th century through the 20th century; the most important throne that they controlled was that of Austria
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHarvard UniversityB
oldest university in English North America, founded in 1636
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenry IVB
first Bourbon king of France, who ruled from 1589-1610
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHollenzollernB
family of German nobles who became the rulers of Prussia
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHuguenotsB
Protestants who lived in southern France, outlawed when Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685; their emigration to Holland, America, and England was enriching to these countries because of their business expertise and wealth
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndustrial RevolutionB
change from making things by hand to manufacturing them in factories; this change began during the 1700s but did not reach most of the world until the next century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIntolerable ActsB
series of harsh new laws and taxes: Great Britain's response to the Boston Tea Party of 1773; the Acts led to the calling of the First Continental Congress and, eventually, the American Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacobinsB
radical political faction during the French Revolution, led by Robespierre
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacobitesB
supporters of James Stuart (James II) of England, who was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution; Jacobites made two unsuccessful invasions of Great Britain, one in 1715 and the other in 1745; in both cases, the invasions were launched from France, with the support of the French monarchy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Antoine WatteauB
French painter (1684-1721) best known for painting rural scenes in theatrical settings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Baptiste ColbertB
chief advisor to Louis XIV of France from 1661-1683
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Honore FragonardB
French painter (1732-1806) of landscapes and aristocratic scenes who typified most of the painters of the Enlightenment era by painting sentimental subjects
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Jacques RousseauB
novelist and essayist (1712-1780) of the French Enlightenment; IThe Social ContractI, one of the most influential books of the Enlightenment, was written in 1776; Rousseau's works also includedI Ithe novel IEmile (I1762) and his autobiographical IConfessions (I1765)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean RacineB
French writer (1639-1699) who is considered the greatest writer of classical drama; in 1677, he became the official historiographer to Louis XIV, the king of France; his ten plays still are performed frequently
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJethro TullB
English inventor of the seed drill, which revolutionized agriculture in the 1700s; the drill was used for planting seeds in straight rows
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohann Sebastian BachB
German composer whose life span (1685-1750) marks the Baroque era in music; Bach, one of the most influential composers in music history, perfected such forms as the fugue and broke new ground in the use of counterpoint
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohannes KeplerB
German scientist (1571-1630) and forerunner of Newton who worked on the law of planetary motion
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn HancockB
American Revolutionary leader (1737-1793) who was serving as president of the Second Continental Congress when the Declaration of Independence was signed; the first to sign, Hancock wrote his name in huge letters
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn LockeB
English political philosopher (1632-1704) who developed many ideas that later became important to democratic government, including the idea of checks and balances and the concept of the social contract; he was an important influence on Montesquieu and other French writers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn MiltonB
English poet (1608-1674) whose masterpiece, IParadise LostI, was completed in 1665; in his own time, Milton was better known for the pamphlets that he wrote during the English Civil War, advocating freedom of religion and the press
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Singleton CopleyB
American painter (1738-1815) of the late colonial and early national periods
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn TrumbullB
American painter (1756-1843) whose best paintings, of Revolutionary-era subjects, were made around the turn of the century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJonathan SwiftB
Anglo-Irish satirical writer (1667-1745) whose best-known work is IGulliver's TravelsI (1726)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoshua ReynoldsB
British painter (1723-1792) who is important in art history not only for his paintings but also for his influence on other artists, including the American artists Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, and Gilbert Stuart
Ec[000000]f[16]LBland enclosureB
an important development in the 1700s in the movement toward more scientific farming; enclosure involved fencing in common lands in order to make possible crop rotation, fertilizer application, and other agricultural improvements; unfortunately, since villagers and peasants Ec[000000]f[16]LFhad traditionally grazed their cattle on common lands, enclosure also led to widespread displacement and hunger
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLatinB
language of the ancient Romans; it survived the collapse of the Roman Empire because it had become the liturgical language of the Roman Catholic Church; Latin remained the language of Western scholarship until the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLegislative AssemblyB
ruling body of France from 1791-1792; it was dominated by moderate, middle- and upper-class Girondists, many of whom lost their heads to the newly liberated mobs who took over during the Reign of Terror
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLiberty, Equality, FraternityB
slogan of the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBloomB
machine for weaving cloth; hand looms were invented in ancient Egypt and known throughout antiquity; weaving technology changed little until the late 1600s and early 1700s; looms were among the first water- and steam-powered machines of the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XIVB
ruler of France from 1643-1715; known as "The Sun King", Louis XIV made France the most powerful nation in Europe; he expanded French territory through warfare, and, as a symbol of his power, built the palace of Versailles
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XVB
great-grandson (born 1710) of Louis XIV who ruled France from 1715-1774
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XVIB
monarch who ruled France at the time of the French Revolution; he and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were beheaded by guillotine during the Reign of Terror
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouisiana PurchaseB
purchase from France by President Thomas Jefferson of the entire Mississippi River basin; this huge acquisition more than doubled the land area of the United States
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMaria TheresaB
Hapsburg ruler of Austria who reigned from 1740-1780; the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) was fought over the right of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne; she won her throne and went on to marry her children into the other ruling dynasties of Europe; her daughter, Marie Antoinette, married Louis XVI of France
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarie AntionetteB
Hapsburg queen of France and daughter of Maria Theresa of Austria; born in 1755, she was beheaded in 1793 during the French Revolution; her marriage to Louis XVI of France was intended to unite the Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarquis de LafayetteB
French hero (1757-1834) of the American and French Revolutions; Louis XVI, the French monarch, allowed Lafayette to help the Americans because he hoped to weaken Great Britain, which recently had defeated France in the Seven Years War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMartin LutherB
German priest (1483-1546) whose protests began the Protestant Reformation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMary StuartB
English queen who assumed the throne in 1688 with her husband, Prince William of Orange, at the request of Parliament; Queen Mary's grandfather, James II, was forced to abdicate the throne because of crimes that included trying to bypass a parliamentary government and favoring the Ec[000000]f[16]LFRoman Catholic Church; William and Mary were Protestants and agreed to give powers to rule to the English Parliament
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMary WollstonecraftB
English writer noted for penning the first declaration of the women's rights movement, IA Vindication of the Rights of WomenI, and her novel, IFrankensteinI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmercantilismB
control of all business and trade by a monarchy, especially trade with colonies; mercantile policies were major causes of the American Revolution of the 1770s and the Latin American Revolutions of the 1810s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMethodismB
reform movement within Protestantism founded in the 1730s by Charles and John Wesley; the movement spread rapidly during the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMichelangeloB
Renaissance artist (1475-1564) who was a sculptor and architect as well as a painter; his most famous works are his statue of David and the paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMichelangelo Merisi da CaravaggioB
Renaissance artist (1573-1619) noted for his still lifes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMiddle AgesB
the centuries between the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Renaissance; the period was marked by the rise of the Roman Catholic Church, the spread and collapse of feudalism, and the formative stages of many European nations
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMogulsB
Muslim dynasty that ruled India between the 1500s and the 1800s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMontesquieuB
influential French political writer (1689-1755) who proposed a government divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that would hold each other in check; this idea later became part of the United States Constitution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNapoleon BonaparteB
ruler of France who rose to power during the French Revolutionary Wars and who then became emperor of France; during his reign (1804-1815), the French Empire included virtually all of continental Europe; his conquests were halted by his defeat at Waterloo
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNational AssemblyB
the first convening since 1614 of the Estates-General, the traditional representative body of France; the National Assembly took place in June, 1789
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNational ConventionB
legislative body of France from 1792-1795 and the group in power during the Reign of Terror, which, under the leadership of Robespierre, was responsible for decapitating the king and queen; the National Convention was replaced by the Directory
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNeoclassicismB
art movement that flourished from 1790-1830 as a revolt against Rococo
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNiccolo MachiavelliB
Italian statesman and author (1469-1527) whose book, IThe PrinceI, was a rational analysis of a ruthless ruler's use of political power; the book's ideas contributed to the rise of absolute monarchy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNicolas PoussinB
French artist (1594-1665) who is considered one of the founders of Neoclassicism, an eighteenth-century art movement
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNicolaus CopernicusB
Polish astronomer (1474-1543) who is considered the father of modern astronomy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNorthern WarB
war that lasted from 1700-1721, fought by Sweden under Charles II against Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great); the war, in which Prussia and Hanover took part, helped build a strong Prussian army
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOliver CromwellB
leader of the English Puritans who lead the rebel armies in the English Civil War (1640-1649) and then ruled during the Commonwealth
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoperaB
dramatic presentation in which the dialogues and interactions of the characters are set to music; the first operas were performed in Italy in the early 1600s; the form reached its peak during the Enlightenment and Romantic eras; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the most Ec[000000]f[16]LFfamous opera composer of the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoratorioB
musical presentation, usually of a story from the Bible, in which the narration is sung by both soloists and a chorus, who are accompanied by an orchestra; although hundreds of oratorios have been written, the best known is IThe Messiah,I by George Frederick Handel, which is Ec[000000]f[16]LFperformed every year at Easter and Christmas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPeter BrueghelB
Renaissance artist who lived from c. 1525(or 1530)-1569; he is noted for painting satirical peasant scenes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPeter Paul RubensB
Flemish painter (1577-1640) of the Baroque era
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhilip VB
Bourbon ruler of Spain (1683-1746); Louis XIV supported Philip's claims in the War of the Spanish Succession
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhilosophesB
group of French writers and thinkers from the Enlightenment period; the most famous were Diderot and Voltaire
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPompeiiB
Roman city covered by ashes from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79; when its ruins were uncovered in 1748, Europe saw a slice of antiquity, perfectly preserved, including bread still in the ovens and workshops complete with hastily abandoned tools
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpopulationB
the number of people who live in a given place: the population of Europe, which had remained stable or even declined through the religious wars of the 1600s, began to rise steadily in the late 1700s, due mostly to the Agricultural Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprinting pressB
printing from movable type; invented during the 1450s, the technology improved during the Renaissance and Baroque eras
Ec[000000]f[16]LBQuakersB
members of the Society of Friends, who sought the "inner light" in their meetings and religious teachings; in both Great Britain and America, Quakers were active in the fight against slavery
Ec[000000]f[16]LBReformationB
reaction against the Roman Catholic Church during the 1500s, begun by Martin Luther but continued by rulers (mostly northern European) who did not want to pay allegiance to the Pope; most Protestant denominations began during this period
Ec[000000]f[16]LBReign of TerrorB
period of the French Revolution when the most radical elements were in charge of the government; under the leadership of Robespierre, many aristocrats were beheaded at the guillotine, including Queen Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRembrandt van RynB
Dutch painter (1606-1669) considered one of the foremost Old Masters
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRenaissanceB
the rebirth of interest in the arts, literature, and classical antiquity, and the start of modern scientific inquiry, that began in Italy in the 14th century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRene DescartesB
French thinker (1596-1650) who is considered the father of modern philosophy; along with Liebniz and Spinoza, he also helped found modern mathematics
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRight of AssemblyB
right of the people to meet peacefully for any reason, including criticizing the government; the idea that the people should have this right grew during the Enlightenment and became part of the United States Constitution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRobert FultonB
American inventor whose ship, the IClermont,I was the first commercially successful steamboat; the IClermontI made its first voyage in 1807
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRobespierreB
leader of the Jacobins, a political faction during the French Revolution, who lived from 1758-1794
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRococoB
short-lived art movement popular among the aristocracy; while maintaining the Baroque values of ornate decoration and formal styling, Rococo art was much more fanciful and lighthearted
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman EmpireB
period in ancient Roman history between the time Augustus became emperor in 27 B.C. until the fall of Rome more than 500 years later
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman RepublicB
period in ancient Roman history before Rome came under the rule of an emperor; the Republic lasted from 509 to 27 B.C.; during those centuries, Rome was ruled by political bodies such as the Senate, which represented certain groups of people
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRomanovB
Russian royal dynasty that ruled from 1613-1917
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSafavidB
Shiite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia (Iran) from 1499-1722
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSamuel JohnsonB
Enlightenment writer (1709-1784) who was the English equivalent of Voltaire; Johnson published his IDictionary of the English Language Iin 1755
Ec[000000]f[16]LBScientific RevolutionB
change from seeking religious or miraculous explanations for natural phenomena to seeking scientific explanations; the movement began with the discoveries of Newton and other scientists in the late 1600s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSecond Continental CongressB
assembly of elected delegates from the thirteen North American colonies, which began meeting in 1775, prior to the first fighting in the American Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBseed drillB
invented by Englishman Jethro Tull; planting seeds in rows made weeding and harvesting more efficient; one of the most important agricultural inventions of the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBserfsB
people who were tied to working the land of the noble lords
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSeven Years WarB
war fought between France and England from 1756-1763 over colonial lands, trade routes, and inheritances; the part of this war that took place in America was called the French and Indian War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSir Isaac NewtonB
English scientist (1642-1726) known as the father of modern science; he formulated the laws of gravity and planetary motion, helped invent calculus, and explored the variations of the light spectrum
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSpanish RevolutionB
revolt by loyal Spaniards against the rule of Napoleon, who overthrew Charles IV in 1808
Ec[000000]f[16]LBspinning jennyB
machine for spinning yarn and thread invented in the 1730s; it was one of the first important machines of the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteamB
form of power produced by boiling water: steam released from the boiling water runs turbines, which turn engines; steam power required huge amounts of wood and coal for boiling the water; this form of power is still in use, especially in home radiator systems
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteam locomotiveB
early railway invented in 1804; the first successful steam-operated railroad began operating in England in 1825
Ec[000000]f[16]LBStuartB
dynasty that ruled England through the reign of Queen Anne, who died in 1714
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTennis Court OathB
meeting of French elected representatives that took place on June 20, 1789; it was the first meeting of the Estates-General since 1614; the delegates were meeting despite Louis XVI's opposition because they were determined to give France some form of representative government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThirty Years WarB
series of wars fought from 1618-1648, which split Europe between Catholic and Protestant armies
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas HobbesB
English political philosopher (1558-1679) who helped introduce the concept of the "social contract" between rulers and those they rule
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas JeffersonB
author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the United States; he lived from 1743-1826
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas NewcomenB
English inventor (1663-1729) whose steam engine appeared early in the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTriple AllianceB
alliance formed in 1668 to curb the rising power of Louis XIV; in this treaty, the three Protestant countries of England, Sweden, and the Netherlands combined forces against Catholic France
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVersaillesB
huge palace near Paris, France, built by Louis XIV (1638-1715); Versailles continued as the center of the royal government until 1789, when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were deposed in the French Revolution; Versailles now serves as a museum and diplomatic meeting place
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWar of the Austrian SuccessionB
struggle between European monarchs over the inheritance of the Austrian throne that lasted from 1740-1748; this war is notable because it brought the Prussian state, with its strong modern army, to power
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWar of the Spanish SuccessionB
war between the Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties, which lasted from 1701-1714; the war was fought over which dynasty would succeed to the throne of Spain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWhiskey RebellionB
1794 tax revolt by U.S. citizens; George Washington, the first president of the United States, sent Federal troops to put it down
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam HarveyB
English physician (1578-1657) who discovered how the heart circulates blood through the body
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam ShakespeareB
the greatest dramatist in English literature, who lived from 1564-1616; some of his best plays are about the proper relationship between monarchs and those they ruled, a theme that many people argued about from the Renaissance through the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWolfgang Amadeus MozartB
Austrian musical genius (1756-1791) whose work typifies the Enlightenment in music; Mozart, who began his life as a child prodigy touring the courts of Europe, was one of the most prolific composers in history, composing hundreds of operas, symphonies, masses, quartets, and other works
